Monday, 12 November 2012

The Urantia Book


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The Urantia Book
The Urantia Book Cover--Urantia Foundation, Publisher.jpg
Cover of 2008 edition of The Urantia Book, published by the Urantia Foundation
Author(s)unknown
PublisherUrantia Foundation, Uversa Press, others
Publication dateOctober 1955
Media typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)
ISBNISBN 0-911560-02-5 (Urantia Foundation), ISBN 0-9651972-3-9(Uversa Press)
OCLCNumber49687706
Uversa Press Indexed Edition
Author(s)unknown
The Urantia Book (sometimes called the Urantia Papers or The Fifth Epochal Revelation) is a spiritual and philosophical book that discusses God, Jesus, science,cosmology, religion, history and destiny.[1] It originated in Chicago sometime between 1924 and 1955. The authorship remains unverified.[2]
The authors introduce the word "Urantia" as the name of the planet Earth and state that their intent is to "present enlarged concepts and advanced truth" in an "endeavor to expand cosmic consciousness and enhance spiritual perception."[UB 1] Among other topics, the book expounds on the origin and meaning of life, humankind's place in the universe, the relationship between God and people, and the life of Jesus.
The Urantia Foundation, a U.S.-based non-profit group, first published The Urantia Book in 1955 in English and has since translated it into 14 other languages.[3] In 2001, a jury found that the English book's copyright was no longer valid after 1983.[4][5] The English text is apublic domain work in the United States,[2] and in 2006, the international copyright on the English text expired.[6]

Contents

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[edit]Overview

The Urantia Book is 2,097 pages long and consists of an introductory foreword followed by 196 "papers" divided into four parts:
  • The Foreword is presented as a guide to the terminology developed in greater detail in Part I, and provides an explanation for words and phrases that are "in designation of Deity and certain associated concepts of the things, meanings, and values of universal reality."
  • Part I consists of 31 papers that address what are considered the highest levels of creation, beginning with the eternal and infinite"Universal Father," his Trinity associates and the "Isle of Paradise."
  • Part II is composed of 25 papers pertaining to the origin, administration and personalities of "local universes," in particular the local universe of "Nebadon" that is said to contain Urantia. It presents narratives on the inhabitants of local universes and their work as it is coordinated with a scheme of spiritual ascension and progression of different orders of beings, including humans.
  • Part III includes 48 papers that compile a broad history of the Earth, presenting a purported explanation of the origin, purpose, evolution and destiny of our world and its inhabitants, introducing Andon and Fonta as the first man and first woman living about 993,000 years ago, while Adam and Eve's visitation (portrayed as a mission of genetic improvement) occurring about 37,000 years ago. An additional 15 papers cover various topics such as "Religion in Human Experience", the concept of the Thought Adjuster, "Personality Survival," and "The Bestowals of Christ Michael."
  • Part IV is presented in 77 papers and narrates "The Life and Teachings of Jesus." Included are papers about his childhood, teenage years, family life, public ministry, and the events that led to his crucifixion, death, and resurrection. It continues with papers about appearances after he rose, Pentecost, and finally, "The Faith of Jesus." Part IV illustrates many of the concepts presented in the first three parts through the story of Jesus's life.

[edit]Authorship


William S. Sadler

Lena K. Sadler
The exact circumstances of the origin of The Urantia Book are unknown. The book and its publishers do not name a human author. Instead, it is written as if directly presented by numerous celestial beings appointed to the task of providing an "epochal" religious revelation. For each paper, either a named celestial being, an order of being, or a group of beings is credited as its author.[7][8][9]
As early as 1911, William S. Sadler and his wife Lena Sadler, physicians in Chicago and well known in the community, are said to have been approached by a neighbor who was concerned because she would occasionally find her husband in a deep sleep and breathing abnormally.[2][7] She reported that she was unable to wake him at these times. The Sadlers came to observe the episodes, and over time, the individual produced verbal communications that claimed to be from "student visitor" spiritual beings.[2] This changed in early 1925 with a "voluminous handwritten document," which from then on became the regular method of purported communication.[2] The Sadlers were both respected physicians, and William Sadler was a debunker of paranormal claims, who is portrayed as not believing in the supernatural. In 1929, he published a book called The Mind at Mischief, in which he explained the fraudulent methods of mediums and how self-deception leads to psychic claims. He wrote in an appendix that there were two cases that he had not explained to his satisfaction.[10]
The other exception has to do with a rather peculiar case of psychic phenomena, one which I find myself unable to classify.... I was brought in contact with it, in the summer of 1911, and I have had it under my observation more or less ever since, having been present at probably 250 of the night sessions, many of which have been attended by a stenographer who made voluminous notes. A thorough study of this case has convinced me that it is not one of ordinary trance...In no way are these night visitations like the séances associated with spiritualism. At no time during the period of eighteen years' observation has there been a communication from any source that claimed to be the spirit of a deceased human being.... Eighteen years of study and careful investigation have failed to reveal the psychic origin of these messages... Psychoanalysis, hypnotism, intensive comparison, fail to show that the written or spoken messages of this individual have origin in his own mind... Its philosophic content is quite new, and we are unable to find where very much of it has ever found human expression... Its philosophy is consistent. It is essentially Christian and is, on the whole, entirely harmonious with the known scientific facts and truths of this age.[10]
In 1924, a group of Sadler's friends, former patients, and colleagues began meeting for Sunday intellectual discussions, but became interested in the strange communications when Sadler mentioned the case and read samples at their request. Shortly afterwards, a communication reportedly was received that this group would be allowed to devise questions and that answers would be given by celestial beings through the "contact personality."
Sadler presented this development to the group, and they generated hundreds of questions without full seriousness, but their claim is that it resulted in the appearance of answers in the form of fully written papers. They became more impressed with the quality of the answers and continued to ask questions, until all papers now collected together as The Urantia Book were obtained. The group was known as the Forum. A smaller group of five individuals called the Contact Commission, including the Sadlers, was responsible for gathering the questions from the Forum, acting as the custodians of the handwritten manuscripts that were presented as answers, and arranging for proofreading and typing of the material.[7]
The Sadlers and others involved, now all deceased, claimed that the papers of the book were physically materialized from 1925 until 1935 in a way that was not understood even by them, with the first three parts being completed in 1934 and the fourth in 1935. The last Forum gathering was in 1942.[7]
After the last of Part IV was obtained in 1935, an additional period of time supposedly took place where requests for clarifications resulted in revisions. Sadler and his son William (Bill) Sadler, Jr. at one point wrote a draft introduction and were told that they could not add their introduction. The Foreword was then "received." Bill Sadler is noted to have composed the table of contents that is published with the book.[11]
The communications purportedly continued for another two decades while members of the Forum studied the book in depth, and according to Sadler and others, permission to publish it was given to them in 1955. The Urantia Foundation was formed in 1950 as a tax-exempt educational society in Illinois,[12] and through privately raised funds, the book was published under international copyright on October 12, 1955.
Only the members of the Contact Commission witnessed the activities of the sleeping subject, and only they knew his identity.[2] The individual is claimed to have been kept anonymous in order to prevent undesirable future veneration or reverence for him. Martin Gardner states that an explanation concerning the origin of the book more plausible than celestial beings is that the Contact Commission, particularly William Sadler, was responsible. Gardner's conclusion is that a man named Wilfred Kellogg was the sleeping subject and authored the work from his subconscious mind, with William Sadler subsequently editing and authoring parts.[7] A statistical analysis using the Mosteller and Wallace methods of stylometry indicates at least nine authors were involved, and by comparatively analyzing the book against Sadler's The Mind at Mischief, does not indicate authorship or extensive editing by Sadler, without ruling out the possibility of limited edits.[2]

[edit]Copyright status

In 1999, Harry McMullan III and the Michael Foundation published a book, Jesus–A New Revelation, which included verbatim 76 of the 196 papers included in The Urantia Book. McMullan and the Michael Foundation subsequently sought a legal declaration that the Urantia Foundation's copyright in The Urantia Book was either invalid or, alternatively, that the copyright had not been infringed upon. Urantia Foundation's copyright was held to have expired in 1983 because the book was deemed to have been neither a composite work nor a commissioned work for hire. These two arguments having been rejected, a U.S. court held that, since the Conduit had deceased prior to 1983, only the Conduit's heirs would have been eligible to renew the copyright in 1983 and, since they had not done so, the Urantia Foundation's copyright in the book had expired and the book had therefore passed into the public domain. This decision was upheld on appeal.[4][5] The international copyright on the English text expired in 2006.[6]

[edit]Teachings

Question book-new.svg
This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject. Please add citations from reliable and independent sources. (August 2012)

[edit]Nature of God

According to The Urantia Book, God is the creator and upholder of all reality—an omniscient,[UB 2] omnipresent,[UB 3] omnipotent,[UB 4]infinite,[UB 5] and eternal[UB 6] spirit personality. The most fundamental teaching about God in the book is that he is a Father. "The face which the Infinite turns toward all universe personalities is the face of a Father, the Universal Father of love."[UB 7] Even during the development of numerous other themes in The Urantia Book, God as a loving Father is emphasized as the central, unifying attitude of God toward the universe.
God is inherently kind, naturally compassionate, and everlastingly merciful. And never is it necessary that any influence be brought to bear upon the Father to call forth his loving-kindness. The creature's need is wholly sufficient to insure the full flow of the Father's tender mercies and his saving grace. Since God knows all about his children, it is easy for him to forgive. The better man understands his neighbor, the easier it will be to forgive him, even to love him.[UB 8]
God is said to be a mystery though because of the infinite scope of his perfection and his attributes.
God is not hiding from any of his creatures. He is unapproachable to so many orders of beings only because he "dwells in a light which no material creature can approach." The immensity and grandeur of the divine personality is beyond the grasp of the unperfected mind of evolutionary mortals.[UB 9]
God, according to the book, is one Deity who functions on a range of different levels of reality, both personal and impersonal. God is taught to exist in a Trinity of three perfectly individualized persons[UB 10] who are co-equal: God the Father, God the Son,[UB 11] and God the Spirit.[UB 12] These persons are referred to by additional titles in the book, primarily as the "Universal Father," "Eternal Son," and "Infinite Spirit." While stating that the concept of one God in three persons is difficult to fully understand, the book says that the idea "in no manner violates the truth of the divine unity. The three personalities of Paradise Deity are, in all universe reality reactions and in all creature relations, as one."[UB 13]
The Father, Son, and Spirit are considered "existential" persons of Deity, those in existence from the eternal past to the eternal future. In addition, three persons of Deity are described who are "experiential," or incomplete and in the process of actualizing: God the Supreme,[UB 14] God the Ultimate,[UB 15] and God the Absolute.[UB 16] Of these three, God the Supreme, or "the Supreme Being," is given the most explanation, as the person of Deity evolving in time and space to unify finite reality and the infinite. The persons of God the Ultimate and God the Absolute are considered to be remote from the possibility of comprehension and are covered on a limited basis.
Many types of celestial beings are enumerated in the book, and one of particular note is a joint "offspring" of the Universal Father and Eternal Son called a "Creator Son."[UB 17] A divine Creator Son is considered the full representation of the Universal Father and Eternal Son that is possible to people. Jesus of Nazareth is identified as a Creator Son who incarnated on Earth[UB 18] and whose life and teachings are portrayed[UB 19] as the fullest revelation of the personality and attitude of God ever given to humanity.
The final paper states:[UB 20]
To "follow Jesus" means to personally share his religious faith and to enter into the spirit of the Master's life of unselfish service for man. One of the most important things in human living is to find out what Jesus believed, to discover his ideals, and to strive for the achievement of his exalted life purpose. Of all human knowledge, that which is of greatest value is to know the religious life of Jesus and how he lived it.

[edit]God and the individual

God is described as the Father of each individual, and through the direct gift of a fragment of his eternal spirit, called a Thought Adjuster,[UB 21] is said to be able to guide the individual toward an increased understanding of him. The Thought Adjuster is also called a "Mystery Monitor," "inner voice," "divine spark," and "pilot light." The concept is in ways comparable to the Hindu atman, the ancientEgyptian ka,[UB 22] and the Quaker inner light. In relation to biblical traditions, the Thought Adjuster is described by the book as the meaning behind the phrases "being made in God's image" and the "kingdom of God is within you":
The Adjuster is the mark of divinity, the presence of God. The "image of God" does not refer to physical likeness nor to the circumscribed limitations of material creature endowment but rather to the gift of the spirit presence of the Universal Father in the supernal bestowal of the Thought Adjusters upon the humble creatures of the universes.[UB 23]
Each person is said to receive one such fragment at the time of his or her first independent moral decision, on average around the age of five years and ten months.[UB 24] The Adjuster then serves noncoercively as a divine partner in the mind of the individual for the rest of life, and to the extent that a person consents with their free will to want to find God, it leads the person toward more mature, spiritualized thinking. Through the practice of learning how to follow the inner leadings of the Adjuster—choose "God's will"—the individual progresses to greater God consciousness and spiritual growth.
A person's Thought Adjuster is described as distinct from either the soul or the conscience. In The Urantia Book's teachings, the degree to which a human mind chooses to accept its Adjuster's guidance becomes the degree to which a person's soul "grows" and becomes a reality that can then survive death. The soul is in essence an embryonic spiritual development, one parental factor being the divine Adjuster and the other being the human will.
The book many times links the biblical New Testament teachings of becoming like a little child[UB 25] in attitude of trust and sincerity as being the stance each person should have toward God. It says the attitude of open-minded teachability facilitates spiritual growth in liaison with the work of the Thought Adjuster and invariably leads a person to love and serve other people. It also says, "But you yourself are mostly unconscious of this inner ministry. You are quite incapable of distinguishing the product of your own material intellect from that of the conjoint activities of your soul and the Adjuster."[UB 26]
Persistently embracing sin is considered the same as rejecting the leadings of the Adjuster, rejecting the will of God. Constant selfishness and sinful choosing lead eventually to iniquity and full identification with unrighteousness, and since unrighteousness is unreal, it results in the eventual annihilation of the individual's identity. Personalities like this become "as if they never were." The book says that "in the last analysis, such sin-identified individuals have destroyed themselves by becoming wholly unreal through their embrace of iniquity."[UB 27] The concepts of Hell and reincarnation[UB 28] are not taught.
From Paper 5, "God's Relation to the Individual":[UB 29]
The great God makes direct contact with mortal man and gives a part of his infinite and eternal and incomprehensible self to live and dwell within him. God has embarked upon the eternal adventure with man. If you yield to the leadings of the spiritual forces in you and around you, you cannot fail to attain the high destiny established by a loving God as the universe goal of his ascendant creatures from the evolutionary worlds of space.
The book says that a person ultimately is destined to fuse with his or her divine fragment and become one inseparable entity with it, if the person chooses to accept the Adjuster's leadings and become self-identified with it. The act of fusion is the moment when a human personality has successfully and unalterably won eternal life, described as typically taking place in the afterlife, but also a possibility during earthly life.[UB 30] The result during human life is a "fusion flash," with the material body consumed in a fiery light and the soul "translated" to the afterlife. The Hebrew prophet Elijah being taken to heaven without death[UB 31] in "chariots of fire"[UB 30] is said to be a rare example in recorded history of a person who attained fusion.
Once fused with his or her fragment of God, a person continues as an ascending citizen in the universe and travels through numerous worlds on a long, adventurous pilgrimage of growth and learning that eventually leads to God and residence on Paradise. Mortals who reach this stage are called "finaliters." The book goes on to discuss the potential destinies of these "glorified mortals."[UB 32]
The Urantia Book places much emphasis on the idea that all individuals have the same opportunity to know God, and it says nothing can hinder a human being's spiritual progression if he or she is motivated to be spirit led.[UB 33] The book regards human life on earth as a "short and intense test,"[UB 34] and "is not so much a probation as an education"[UB 35] and the afterlife as a continuation of training that begins in material life. The "religion of Jesus" is considered to be practiced by way of loving God the Father with a person's whole being, thereby learning to love each person the way Jesus loves people; that is, recognizing others as brothers and sisters and being of unselfish service to them.

[edit]Cosmology

The book teaches that the universe is vastly older[UB 36] than current scientific theories state, and that the universe is the product of intelligent and purposeful organization.[7][13] Information about cosmology and astronomy is provided in parts I, II, and III of the book. The book discusses space and time,[UB 37] describes the formation and evolution of galaxies, stars, and planets.[UB 38] The authors claim that the universe is teeming with intelligent life located mainly on the planets of extrasolar planetary systems.[UB 39]
The book describes that at the center of the cosmos is the stationary Isle of Paradise[UB 40] — the dwelling place of God — with Paradise being surrounded by "Havona,"[UB 41] a created universe containing a billion perfect worlds, around which seven evolutionary "superuniverses" circle.[UB 42] All the groupings of galaxies of inhabited and uninhabited universes circle around the Isle of Paradise,[UB 43] the gravitational center of the universe, which some Urantia Book readers believe is located in Great Attractor.[14]
The term "universe" in the book is used to denote a number of different scales of organization. A "superuniverse" is roughly the size of agalaxy or group of galaxies, and the seven superuniverses along with Paradise-Havona are together designated as the "grand universe." A "local universe" is a portion of a superuniverse, with 100,000 local universes being in each superuniverse. Beyond the seven superuniverses, enormous uninhabited "outer space levels" are described.[UB 44] The term "master universe" refers to what in modern usage would be the total universe — all existing matter and space taken as a whole.
The physical size of a local universe is not directly stated, but each is said to have up to 10 million inhabited worlds. Urantia is said to be located in a remote local universe named "Nebadon," which itself is part of superuniverse number seven, "Orvonton."[UB 45]
The book discusses alternative explanations for the universe's origin and offers explanations for some observed astronomical phenomena. For example, the book claims that astronomic redshift arises from "numerous factors of error" and is "wholly unreliable" beyond nearby galaxies, the greatest distortion being caused by the seven superuniverses revolving around Paradise in the direction opposite from the galaxies in the "outer space levels."[UB 46]

[edit]Science

The book attempts to synchronize religion, science and philosophy and many statements about science appear in the text. "The ideal human estate is that in which philosophy, religion, and science are welded into a meaningful unity.."[UB 47] "Science teaches man to speak the new language of mathematics and trains his thoughts along lines of exacting precision. And science also stabilizes philosophy through the elimination of error, while it purifies religion by the destruction of superstition."[UB 48] The book holds science in high regard, however it opposes the purely materialistic science. About conflict between science and religion the book states: "In reality, true religion cannot become involved in any controversy with science; it is in no way concerned with material things."[UB 49] The Urantia Book debunks astrology as "pseudo science of Babylon" and also states: "But the frank, honest, and fearless search for true causes gave birth to modern science: It turned astrology into astronomy, alchemy into chemistry, and magic into medicine."[UB 50]
In Paper 101, "The Real Nature of Religion,"[UB 51] the authors write:
We full well know that, while the historic facts and religious truths of this series of revelatory presentations will stand on the records of the ages to come, within a few short years many of our statements regarding the physical sciences will stand in need of revision in consequence of additional scientific developments and new discoveries. These new developments we even now foresee, but we are forbidden to include such humanly undiscovered facts in the revelatory records. Let it be made clear that revelations are not necessarily inspired. The cosmology of these revelations is not inspired.[UB 52]
The only apparent anticipation of science the book has made, in Gardner's opinion, is that it says the magnetic sense that homing pigeons possess is "not wholly wanting as a conscious possession by mankind."[UB 53] In 1980, a British zoologist, Robin Baker, published evidence that humans have a limited magnetic sense.
Kary Mullis a Nobel Prize winning American biochemist indicates on his personal website[better source needed][15] a striking coincidences between a story of Adam and Eve[UB 54] in The Urantia Book and the finding published in "Science": 309 (2005) that a variant of a gene that regulates brain size arose roughly 37,000 years ago with a 95% confidence interval of 14,000 to 60,000 years.[16] According to The Urantia Book: "Adam and Eve arrived on Urantia, from the year A.D. 1934, 37,848 years ago".[UB 54]
Mark McMenamin, a professor of geology, quotes a section of the book describing a billion-year-old supercontinent that subsequently split apart, forming ocean basins where early marine life developed. He says, "This amazing passage, written in the 1930s, anticipates scientific results that did not actually appear in the scientific literature until many decades later." McMenamin also states, "Of course I am being selective here in my choice of quotations, and there are reams of scientifically untenable material in The Urantia Book."[17]
In his book Supercontinent: Ten Billion Years in the Life of Our Planet Ted Nield comments on McMenamin's statement, saying "These quotations are selective, of course, which is always the key to making the prophecies of mystics look 'uncanny' If you look at other parts of the same passage from which those quotations come, you can find a rich and colourful mixture of half-correct ideas and plain nonsense... But the trick of a successful prophet is to say enough things, and to phrase them sufficiently elliptically, so that the occasional correct hits within the general rambling leap out at the prepared mind - just like cloud patterns, or the face of the Man in the Moon." In this case, he says, both scientists and mystics "apparently independently 'discovered'" this supercontinent, "and it was the mystics who sleepwalked there first."[18]
Adherents believe that there are some examples of scientific foreknowledge in The Urantia Book.[19][20]

[edit]History and future of the world

The book's extensive teachings about the history of the Earth include its physical development about 4.5 billion years ago,[UB 55] the gradual changes in conditions that allowed life to develop, and long ages of organic evolution that started with microscopic marine life and led to plant and animal life in the oceans, later on land. The emergence of humans is presented as having occurred about a million years ago from a branch of superior primates originating from a lemur ancestor.[UB 56]
The Urantia Book says "this story is graphically told within the fossil pages of the vast 'stone book' of world record ... the pages of this gigantic biogeologic record unfailingly tell the truth if you but acquire skill in their interpretation."[UB 57] Unlike current scientific views, evolution is said to be orderly and controlled. Primordial life is taught to have been intelligently planned, implanted, and monitored by "Life Carriers," instead of arising spontaneously.[UB 58] The book says that "mortal man is not an evolutionary accident,"[UB 59] and that the purpose of evolution on a planet such as Urantia is to produce creatures of "will dignity" that can develop spiritual natures and survive material existence, going on to have eternal spiritual careers.
The Urantia Book teaches not only biological evolution, but that human society and spiritual understandings evolve by slow progression, subject both to periods of rapid improvement and the possibility of retrogression. Progress is said to follow a divine plan that includes periodic gifts of revelation and ministry by heavenly teachers, which eventually will lead to an ideal world status of "light and life" in the far distant future.
Though there is the ideal and divine plan, it is said to be fostered and administered by various orders of celestial beings who are not always perfect. Through mistakes or deliberate rebellion, the plan can be wrecked, requiring long spans of time to recoup lost progress. Urantia is said to be a markedly "dark and confused" planet that is "greatly retarded in all phases of intellectual progress and spiritual attainment"[UB 60] compared to more typical inhabited worlds, due to an unusually severe history of rebellion and default by its spiritual supervisors.
The Urantia Book describes the successive eras of biologic, intellectual, and spiritual uplifting as "epochal revelations" of God and his ministering agents to man. According to The Urantia Book the Lucifer Rebellion[UB 61] was a disruption of God's divine plan in the history of Urantia. In the book, Lucifer is classified as a "Primary Lanonandek Son" and head administrator of his attending system. He proposed the concepts of personal liberty, self-autonomy, and self-assertion. These concepts were adopted on Urantia first by the head of its human affairs, Caligastia. By joining Lucifer, Caligastia caused the eventual collapse of the same fragile civilization he had come to guide as "Planetary Prince" of the realm.[21] The Urantia Book emphasizes that despite its dark history, Urantia has been the beneficiary of much good. The life of Jesus, designated in The Urantia Book as the "fourth epochal revelation,"[UB 62] is said to have redeemed the planet of the blunders of rebellion. "And when Jesus came down from his sojourn on Mount Hermon, the Lucifer rebellion in Satania and the Caligastia secession on Urantia were virtually settled."[UB 63][22]

[edit]Life and teachings of Jesus

More than one third of the content of the book (Part IV) is devoted to a narrative of the life and teachings of Jesus. From his birth in Bethlehem and infancy in Alexandria, the story extends through his years of school in Nazareth and his work as a young carpenter after the death of his father Joseph,[UB 64] in order to sustain his widowed mother and eight brothers and sisters. Topics include a girl Rebecca who fell in love with him, and Jesus's rejection of her proposal for marriage.[UB 65] Jesus is said to have traveled around the Mediterranean Basin (Alexandria, Rome, Athens etc. ) and regions of the Middle East (Mesopotamia and Caspian Sea region) in his late 20s,[UB 66] and after these trips, the narrative begins to parallel what is depicted in the New Testament, but with numerous extra details. John the Baptist and the twelve Apostles are people of flesh and blood with their virtues and flaws. Jesus's teachings, as presented to his apostles and followers, is exhaustive, enlarged and presented in contemporary language. The work of the Women's Evangelistic Corps appointed by Jesus is also narrated.[UB 67]
As Jesus's mission on Earth, the book describes the seventh bestowal of a Creator Son.[UB 68] Each Creator Son can rule his part of the universe – (termed the "local universe") – after completing seven bestowals, the final of them is in the likeness of mortal flesh. This is the one of reasons why the Creator Son came to Earth – Urantia. The other purpose of his mission is stated in the book: "A Creator Son did not incarnate in the likeness of mortal flesh and bestow himself upon the humanity of Urantia to reconcile an angry God but rather to win all mankind to the recognition of the Father's love and to the realization of their sonship with God."[UB 69] The core of Jesus's teaching is that men are children of God and their fellows are their brethren in one big family; when Jesus is their elder brother. The idea of the kingdom of God as presented by Jesus is the spiritual rule of Heavenly Father in the hearts of men, but many of his followers misinterpret this idea as a purely earthly kingdom. The book states that today Christianity is rather a religion about Jesus instead religion of Jesus – his original teaching – which the book reinstates.[UB 70]

[edit]Consideration as literature

The Urantia Book has been enjoyed by some as a form of science fiction, historical fiction or fantasy. The Urantia Book is noted for its high level of internal consistency and an advanced writing style. Skeptic Martin Gardner, in a book otherwise highly critical of The Urantia Book, writes that it is "highly imaginative" and that the "cosmology outrivals in fantasy the cosmology of any science-fiction work known to me."[7]
Parts I, II, and III are chiefly written in expository language. The papers are informational, matter-of-fact, and instructional. Part IV of the book is written as a biography of Jesus's life, and some feel it is a rich narrative with well-developed characters, high attention to detail, woven sub-plots, and realistic dialogue. Considered as literature, Part IV is favorably compared to other retellings of Jesus's life, such asThe Gospel According to Jesus Christ by José Saramago and Behold the Man by Michael Moorcock. Martin Gardner considers Part IV to be an especially "well-written, impressive work," and says, "Either it is accurate in its history, coming directly from higher beings in position to know, or it is a work of fertile imagination by someone who knew the New Testament by heart and who was also steeped in knowledge of the times when Jesus lived." He assesses that in his view the narrative is consistent with human authorship.[7]

[edit]Critical views

[edit]Criticisms of claims as a revelation

In Paper 92, "The Later Evolution of Religion," the authors refer to the papers as the fifth revelation of "epochal significance" to humankind, the fourth epochal revelation having been the life of Jesus.[UB 71]
The claim of revelation in The Urantia Book has been criticized for various reasons. Skeptics such as Martin Gardner say it is a product of human efforts rather than a revelation because some of its science is flawed. Because the book does not support certain tenets of Christianity, such as the atonement doctrine, while at the same time presenting an account of parts of Jesus's life absent in the Bible, others with a Christian viewpoint have argued it cannot be genuine.[23][24]
Other critics have felt that at over 2,000 pages, nearly twice the length of the King James Bible, it is too long, complex, and bureaucratic.[12][13]

[edit]Criticism of its science

Skeptics like Martin Gardner see the science in The Urantia Book as clear reflections of the views that prevailed at the time the book is said to have originated. The claim by the authors that no unknown scientific discoveries could be imparted is seen as a ruse to allow mistakes to be dismissed later. That presentation of post-1955 scientific knowledge is avoided is taken to be evidence it was written by humans and not by celestial beings with superior knowledge.
Examples of criticisms regarding the science in The Urantia Book include:[7]
  • The described formation of the solar system[UB 72] is consistent with the Chamberlin-Moulton planetesimal hypothesis. Though popular in the early part of the 20th century, by the early 1940s it was discarded by Henry Russell's argument that it was incompatible with the angular momentum of planets such as Jupiter. The currently accepted scientific explanation for the origin of the solar system is based on the nebular hypothesis.
  • According to the book's descriptions, the universe is hundreds of billions of years old and periodically expands and contracts — "respires" — at 2-billion-year intervals. Current observations, however, suggest that the true age of the universe is approximately 13.7 billion years, and there are no cycles of expansion and contraction. The big bang theory is not supported.
  • A fundamental particle called an "ultimaton" is proposed, with an electron being composed of 100 ultimatons.[UB 73] The particle seems to be invented as it is not found in other literature prior to The Urantia Book´s publication and though the concept is not known to be supported by modern particle physics there is speculation among readers that it is the Higgs boson.[25]
  • In 1965, radio astronomers discovered that Mercury rotates fast enough for all sides to see exposure to the sun so the book seems to repeat the scientific misunderstanding at the time of its publication that one side of the planet Mercury always is turned to the sun due to tidal locking.
    "The planets nearest the sun were the first to have their revolutions slowed down by tidal friction. Such gravitational influences also contribute to the stabilization of planetary orbits while acting as a brake on the rate of planetary-axial revolution, causing a planet to revolve ever slower until axial revolution ceases, leaving one hemisphere of the planet always turned toward the sun or larger body, as is illustrated by the planet Mercury and by the moon, which always turns the same face toward Urantia."[UB 74]
    Whereas some avid readers have cited a nonchalant definition of the axial-revolution concept as the source for this technical inconsistency, claiming that the book actually did "a good job of avoiding erroneous science at the time of publication"[26], another analysis of this possible misinterpretation lends credence to the speculation that Mercury and the moon are only given as illustrations of axial revolution that is braking, i.e. slowing down, whereas the moon alone is given as an example of a space body that has ceased to rotate on its axis. The "causing a planet to..." phrase and "leaving one..." sub-phrase are therefore provided to qualify the end result of the braking process, since Mercury and the moon are not both referred to in the last phrase, "which always turns..." because if they were then the verb would need to be plural and thus "turn" rather than "turns".
  • Some species are said to have evolved suddenly from single mutations without transitional species.[UB 75] The theory originated withDutch botanist Hugo De Vries but despite the landmark paper published in 1972 by paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould much debate continues to persist in this research, now known as punctuated equilibrium.
  • The original, 1955 edition of the book and editions still in print by The Urantia Book Fellowship say that a solar eclipse was predicted in 1808 by the Native American prophet Tenskwatawa.[UB 76] The eclipse was actually predicted in late April 1806 and occurred on June 16, 1806. Some subsequent publications now show in later editions the correct 1806 date per the standardization of text efforts led by the Urantia Foundation, having attributed this "obvious mistake" to a single digit keystroke error.[27]
  • Controversial statements about human races can be found in the book.[UB 77] Supporters state that criticism has arisen mainly due to reading passages out of context. Gardner believes that William S. Sadler, who wrote some eugenicist works, had a hand in editing or writing the book, and that this is how the ideas were included.
While some adherents of the book believe that all of the information in The Urantia Book including its science is literally true, others accept the book's caveats and do not believe that the science is fully accurate.[UB 78]
Meredith Sprunger, a liberal believer in The Urantia Book and retired minister in the United Church of Christ, writes, "research has revealed that virtually all of the scientific material found in The Urantia Book was the accepted scientific knowledge of the period in which the book was written, was held by some scientists of that time, or was about to be discovered or recognized." He argues against its literal infallibility and that fundamentalism over the book is "just as untenable as Biblical fundamentalism."[7]
Other believers maintain that the book has prophetically anticipated scientific advances already. They believe more of its science — if not all of it — will be proven correct in the future. Gardner evaluated many of these claims as of 1995 and found them unconvincing. Some arise because the book is said to have been indited by the revelators by 1935, but then was not published until 1955. Discoveries from science during the two intervening decades can be perceived as prophetic by believers, while skeptics think such facts were added prior to publication. For instance, the catalytic role that carbon plays in the sun's nuclear reactions is described in the book,[UB 79]though Hans Bethe's announcement of the discovery was not made until 1938.
Most criticism of The Urantia Book is based on Martin Gardner's book, Urantia: The Great Cult Mystery. However this book has also been severely criticized. Sandra Collins, SLIS, Univ. of Pittsburg, wrote in Library Journal: "Given the lack of scholarly distance from the subject, the patronizing tone and the gross editorializing, it would be difficult to recommend this book to any library."[28] Sarah Lewis, of the Univ. of Wales, stated: "Martin Gardner is one of the few people outside the Urantia Foundation who has undertaken research into the movement. His research is worth noting, although his position as a great skeptic does not allow his conclusions much academic credibility."[2]

[edit]The Urantia Book and the use of published material

The Urantia Book states in its Foreword that more than one thousand "human concepts representing the highest and most advanced planetary knowledge of spiritual values and universe meanings"[UB 80] were selected in preparing the papers. The authors say that they were required to "give preference to the highest existing human concepts pertaining to the subjects to be presented" and would "resort to pure revelation only when the concept of presentation has had no adequate previous expression by the human mind." One of the authors wrote in Part IV: "I well know that those concepts which have had origin in the human mind will prove more acceptable and helpful to all other human minds."[UB 81]
In recent years, students of the papers have found that the free use of other sources appears to be true.[7][13] None of the material allegedly used from other sources is directly cited or referenced within the book.
In 1992, a reader of The Urantia Book, Matthew Block, self-published a paper that showed nineteen possible examples of The Urantia Book utilizing material published earlier. All of the source authors identified in Block's paper were published in English between 1905 and 1943 by U.S. publishers and are typically scholarly or academic works that contain concepts and wording similar to what is found in The Urantia Book. Block has since claimed to have discovered over 125 source books and articles, written by over 90 authors, which were incorporated into the papers.[7]
The use of outside source materials was studied separately by Gardner and Gooch, and they concluded that the book did plagiarize many of the sources noted by Block.
For instance, Gardner and Block note that Paper 85 appears to have been taken from the first eight chapters of Origin and Evolution of Religion by Edward Washburn Hopkins, published by Yale University Press in 1923. Each section of the paper corresponds to a chapter in the book, with several passages possibly used as direct material, and further material used in Papers 86-90 and 92. (In addition to the book's "heavy indebtedness to Hopkins," Gardner discovered that Hopkins was a major reference in an earlier book authored by Sadler, adding to Gardner's view that it is more likely Sadler had a hand in writing or editing The Urantia Book than that celestial beings wrote it.) Likewise, much of The Urantia Book material relating to the evolution of mankind appears to have been directly taken from Henry Fairfield Osborn, Man Rises to Parnassus: Critical Epochs in the Prehistory of Man published by Princeton University Press in 1928.
In one example cited by Block and confirmed by Gardner, the original author discusses the periodicity of the chemical elements and concludes that the harmony in the construction of the atom suggests some unspecified plan of organization. The authors of The Urantia Book assert that this harmony is evidence of the intelligent design of the universe. W. F. G. Swann writes on page 64 of The Architecture of the Universe (italics indicate edits as compared to The Urantia Book, bolding indicates deletions):
Starting from any one of them [i.e., chemical elements], and noting some property such as the melting point, for example, the property would change as we went along the row, but as we continued it would gradually come back to the condition very similar to that which we started ... The eighth element was in many respects like the first, the ninth like the second, the tenth like the third, and so on. Such a slate of affairs point[s] not only to a varied internal structure, but also to a certain harmony in that variation suggestive of some organized plan in building the atom.
Contrast with The Urantia Book's version:
Starting from any one element, after noting some one property, such a quality will exchange for six consecutive elements,but on reaching the eighth, it tends to reappear, that is, the eighth chemically active element resembles the first, the ninth the second, and so on. Such a fact of the physical world unmistakably points to the sevenfold constitution of ancestral energy and is indicative of the fundamental reality of the sevenfold diversity of the creations of time and space.[UB 82]
Block and other believers do not see the use of the source materials as plagiarism, but express a view instead that the quality of the way the material was borrowed is consistent with authorship by celestial beings. Meredith Sprunger, a believer and defender of The Urantia Book, stated in a letter to Gardner that if humans wrote the book, the plagiarisms would indeed be disturbing, but not if it was written by supermortals.[7]
Also Meredith Sprunger wrote:[29]
As we mentioned earlier, the authors of The Urantia Book clearly state that they have used human sources and why they are using them. The use of these human sources is often handled in such a way as to arrive at a position differing from that of the human author. To accuse the superhuman authors of plagiarism is a bit far fetched, as they are not concealing the use of human sources and they deliberately avoided reference to specific human personalities....

[edit]Adherents

There is no way to gauge how many adherents there may be as there is no central organization to census. Informal study groups "tend to sprout, ripen, then vanish or splinter" and have not been counted reliably.[13] Readers sometimes join study groups after reading on their own for years or decades, others join them soon after developing an interest in the book, while "for most, worship remains as individual as the act of reading."[13] Disagreements over the legal ownership of the book, its interpretation, and the reception of new revelations have led to some splintering, though these disagreements appear to have been settled to the satisfaction of most adherents.[30] The movement generally incorporates a nonsectarian view, contending that individuals with different religious backgrounds can receive the book's teachings as an enrichment rather than as a contradiction of their faiths.[31]
The small movement inspired by The Urantia Book has not developed clergy or institutions such as churches, reading rooms, or temples.[13][30] As of 2006, the Urantia Foundation had one office in Chicago and five people on staff.[6]
Sarah Lewis notes that, "The Urantia Revelation is not securing legitimacy through historically known and accepted means to any great degree, nor is it even using common language that would increase the likelihood of understanding and therefore acceptance. It introduces new concepts and a new language, and this does not make acceptance any easier." She assesses that the movement is uncontroversial compared to other ones, "lacking the zealous proselytizing found within many other groups," and that it is therefore likely to remain small and unaffected by opposing views.[2]
Urantia Foundation advocated a "slow growth" policy in the past and had not significantly marketed the book. Sales by Urantia Foundation went from 7,000 in 1990 to 24,700 in 1997, and steadily increased to nearly 38,000 in 2000, an "upturn that seems to represent a genuine trend rather than just some spike on a sales chart,"[13] however in 2011 the Foundation reported worldwide annual sales of 16,000 copies and over 60,000 downloads from various sites. More than half of the books printed by Urantia Foundation are in languages other than English, particularly Spanish and Portuguese.[32] Since the book was determined to be in the public domain in 2001, other organizations, such as The Urantia Book Fellowship under the publishing name Uversa Press, have also published the book. Copies of The Urantia Book are on the Internet in various formats and it has been adapted to more recent platforms such as theKindle and the iOS App Store. Several audio books of the text are also on the Internet.
The International Urantia Association had twenty-six reader associations worldwide as of 2002, and the Urantia Book Fellowship (formerly the Urantia Brotherhood, founded in 1955 with Urantia Foundation as the original social fraternal organization of believers) claimed roughly twelve hundred official members, with the highest concentrations in the West of the United States and the Sun Belt, especially California, Colorado, Florida, and Texas.[13] It appears an increasing number of people are forming study groups, participating in Internet discussion groups, and hosting or visiting websites about it.[13]

[edit]Teaching Mission

The Teaching Mission is a group of Urantia channellers. According to Richard Landes, "The foundation considers them self-deluded, but they have created a schism that continues to disrupt the movement."[33]

[edit]Symbols

Paradise Trinity
One symbol described in The Urantia Book consists of three concentric azure circles on a white background.[UB 83] The circles are said to have symbolized several trinity associations in the history of humankind. The authors of The Urantia Book indicate its revealed meaning as being "the infinity, eternity, and universality of the Paradise Trinity of divine maintenance and direction."[UB 84]
Urantia logo
Urantia Foundation, the original publisher, placed the concentric circles on the cover of The Urantia Bookand has a United States trademark. The circles are used to indicate other organizations affiliated with the foundation.
The Urantia Association International, one of the main readership organizations in the movement, has been licensed by Urantia Foundation to use the three azure concentric circles on a white background.
Urantia Book Fellowship logo
Some other groups use the symbol in various altered forms. The Urantia Book Fellowship, an independent reader organization established in 1955, uses a similar symbol.

[edit]Popular culture

  • Stevie Ray Vaughan (1954–1990), American blues-rock guitarist: "Stevie often brought along the book of Urantia and read Lindi passages from the strange publication."[34]
  • Jaco Pastorius wrote a song that appears on Weather Report's 'Heavy Weather' named 'Havona'
  • In the book Six Feet Under: Better Living through Death, an in-universe companion piece to the television series Six Feet Under, The Urantia Book is highlighted in a past correspondence held by one of the main characters.
  • In the 1983 book Angels by Denis Johnson, one character carries around The Urantia Book and proselytizes to drug addicts.
  • Karlheinz Stockhausen based his seven-opera cycle Licht on the cosmology of The Urantia Book.[35]

[edit]References to online text of The Urantia Book

  1. ^ "Foreword". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
  2. ^ "Paper 3, "The Attributes of God", omniscience". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  3. ^ "Paper 3, "The Attributes of God", omnipresence". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  4. ^ "Paper 3, "The Attributes of God", omnipotence". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  5. ^ "Paper 2, "The Nature of God", infinity". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  6. ^ "Paper 2, "The Nature of God", eternal". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  7. ^ "Paper 105, "Deity and Reality"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  8. ^ "Paper 2, "The Nature of God"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  9. ^ "Paper 1, "The Universal Father"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  10. ^ "Paper 10, "The Paradise Trinity"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  11. ^ "Paper 6, "The Eternal Son"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  12. ^ "Paper 8, "The Infinite Spirit"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  13. ^ "Paper 1, "The Universal Father"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  14. ^ "Paper 117, "God the Supreme"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  15. ^ "Foreword, "God the Ultimate"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  16. ^ "Foreword, "God the Absolute"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  17. ^ "The Paradise Creator Sons". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  18. ^ "Paper 32, "The Evolution of Local Universes"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  19. ^ "The Life and Teachings of Jesus". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  20. ^ "Paper 196, "The Faith of Jesus"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  21. ^ "Paper 107, Origin and Nature of Thought Adjusters". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  22. ^ "Paper 111, The Adjuster and the Soul, atman and ka". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  23. ^ "Paper 108, Mission and Ministry of Thought Adjusters, Thought Adjusters as image of God". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  24. ^ "Paper 108, Mission and Ministry of Thought Adjusters, average age of Thought Adjusters arrival". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  25. ^ "Paper 140, The Ordination of the Twelve, man as little child". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-14.
  26. ^ "Paper 110, Relation of Adjusters to Individual Mortals, unconscious of Adjusters ministry". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  27. ^ "Paper 2, The Nature of God, sin destroys individuals | Urantia Book | Urantia Foundation". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  28. ^ "Paper 94 - The Melchizedek Teachings in the Orient, reincarnation | Urantia Book | Urantia Foundation". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-14.
  29. ^ "Paper 5 - God's Relation to the Individual | Urantia Book | Urantia Foundation". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  30. ^ a b "Paper 45 - Relation of Adjusters to Individual Mortals, fusion on earth | Urantia Book | Urantia Foundation". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-14.
  31. ^ "Paper 45 - The Local System Administration, Elijah fusion | Urantia Book | Urantia Foundation". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-14.
  32. ^ "Paper 112 - The Corps of the Finality | Urantia Book | Urantia Foundation". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-14.
  33. ^ "Paper 112 - Personality Survival, accidents of time | Urantia Book | Urantia Foundation". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  34. ^ "Paper 14 - The Central and Divine Universe, life on earth as short and intense test | Urantia Book | Urantia Foundation". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  35. ^ "Paper 111 - The Adjuster and the Soul, life on earth as education | Urantia Book | Urantia Foundation". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  36. ^ "Paper 57, "The Origin of Urantia"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  37. ^ "Paper 12, "The Universe of Universes"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  38. ^ "Paper 15, "The Seven Superuniverses","The Origin of Space Bodies"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  39. ^ "Paper 14, "The Central and Divine Universe"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  40. ^ "Paper 11, "The Eternal Isle of Paradise"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  41. ^ "Paper 14, "The Central and Divine Universe"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  42. ^ "Paper 15, "The Seven Superuniverses"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  43. ^ "Paper 12, "Space Levels of the Master Universe"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  44. ^ "Paper 12, "The Outer Space Levels"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  45. ^ "Paper 15, Urantia location". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  46. ^ "Paper 12, redshift velocity errors". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  47. ^ "Paper 98, "The Melchizedek Teachings in the Occident"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  48. ^ "Paper 81, "Development of Modern Civilization"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  49. ^ "Paper 195, "After Pentecost"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  50. ^ "Paper 81, astrology". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  51. ^ "Paper 101 - The Real Nature of Religion | Urantia Book | Urantia Foundation". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  52. ^ "Paper 101, cosmology is not inspired". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  53. ^ "Paper 34, magnetic sense". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  54. ^ a b "Paper 74, "Adam and Eve "". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  55. ^ Paper 57, 57:5.4. Wikisource.
  56. ^ Paper 62, The First Human Beings. Wikisource.
  57. ^ Paper 58, 58:7.12. Wikisource.
  58. ^ Paper 65, Life Carrier Functions. Wikisource.
  59. ^ Paper 49, 49:1.6. Wikisource.
  60. ^ Paper 50, 50:6.2. Wikisource.
  61. ^ "Paper 53 - The Lucifer Rebellion | Urantia Book | Urantia Foundation". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  62. ^ Paper 92, 92:4.8. Wikisource.
  63. ^ Paper 134, The Sojourn on Mount Hermon. Wikisource.
  64. ^ Paper 126, The Death of Joseph. Wikisource.
  65. ^ Paper 127, Rebecca, the Daughter of Ezra. Wikisource.
  66. ^ Paper 130, On the Way to Rome. Wikisource.
  67. ^ Paper 150, The Women's Evangelistic Corps. Wikisource.
  68. ^ Paper 119, The Bestowals of Christ Michael. Wikisource.
  69. ^ "Paper 98, "The Melchizedek Teachings in the Occident"". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
  70. ^ Paper 195, 195:4.4. Wikisource.
  71. ^ "Paper 92, 92:4.5". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  72. ^ "Paper 57, Origin of Monmatia — The Urantia Solar System". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  73. ^ "Paper 42, 42:6.5". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  74. ^ "Paper 57, 57:6.2". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  75. ^ "Paper 58, 58:6.4". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  76. ^ Paper 90, 90:2.9. Wikisource.
  77. ^ "Paper 52, 52:2.11". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  78. ^ "Paper 101, 101:4.2". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  79. ^ "Paper 41, Solar-Energy Reactions". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  80. ^ "Foreword 0:12.10". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  81. ^ "Paper 121, 121:8.12". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  82. ^ "Paper 42, 42:9.3". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  83. ^ "Paper 53, 53:5.4". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  84. ^ "Paper 93, 93:3.3". Urantia.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.

[edit]See also

Wikisource has original text related to: The Urantia Book
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: The Urantia Book
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: The Urantia Book

[edit]References

  1. ^ Urantia Foundation (1955). The Urantia Book. Urantia Foundation. ISBN 0-911560-02-5
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lewis, James R. and Hammer, Olav (2007). The Invention of Sacred Tradition. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-86479-8
  3. ^ "From Urantia Foundation News Online". December 2010.
  4. ^ a b Thomas F. Cotter (March 2003). "Gutenberg's Legacy: Copyright, Censorship, and Religious Pluralism". California Law Review 91 (2): 323–392. JSTOR 3481334.
  5. ^ a b Michael Foundation, Inc. v. Urantia Foundation v. Harry McMullan, III US Court of Appeals affirms the jury decision that Urantia Foundation does not hold the copyright to The Urantia Book
  6. ^ a b c "2006 Urantia Foundation annual report". urantia.org.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gardner, Martin (1995). Urantia: The Great Cult Mystery. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-955-0
  8. ^ "Notes For A History of The Urantia Movement". Urantiabook.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  9. ^ "How The Urantia Book Came Into Existence" by William S. Sadler, Jr., February 18, 1962.
  10. ^ a b "Sadler, William (1929). The Mind at Mischief. Funk and Wagnalls. ASIN B0013WP860".
  11. ^ Ernest P. Moyer (February 16, 2000). "22". The Birth of a Divine Revelation : The Origin of the Urantia Papers. Moyer Pub. p. 312.ISBN 978-0-9678264-0-0.
  12. ^ a b Mather, George A. and Nichols, Larry A. (1993). Dictionary of Cults, Sects, Religions and the Occult. Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-53100-4
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gooch, Brad (2002). Godtalk: Travels in Spiritual America. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-44709-1
  14. ^ "TruthBook.com - Dr. Stefan H. Tallqvist - Great Attractor".
  15. ^ "Kary Mullis website".
  16. ^ "Science 9 September". 2005.
  17. ^ McMenamin, Mark A. S. The Garden of Ediacara: Discovering the Earliest Complex Life Columbia. University Press. New Ed edition (October 15, 2000) ISBN 0-231-10559-2
  18. ^ Neild, Ted (2009). Supercontinent: Ten Billion Years in the Life of Our Planet. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674032453.
  19. ^ "Science in The Urantia Book url=http://urantiabook.org/index_science.htm".
  20. ^ "History, Science and Evolution url=http://www.truthbook.com/index.cfm?linkID=6".
  21. ^ Kelly Elstrott (1998). The Fifth Revelation: A collection of key passages from The Urantia Book. Mighty Messenger Press Pub. p. 55. ISBN 0-9654301-7-0.
  22. ^ God's Bible: An Epochal Revelation Sponsored by God's Angels, Part IV, Papers 120-196: The Life and Teachings of Jesus. Pathways, Inc. p. 90.
  23. ^ House, Dr. H. Wayne (2000). Charts of Cults, Sects, and Religious Movements. Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-38551-2
  24. ^ Larson, Bob (2004). Larson's Book of World Religions and Alternative Spirituality. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-8423-6417-X
  25. ^ "God's Particle Discovery : What Caused Our Scientists To Be So Jubilant?".
  26. ^ "Mercury’s Rotation Report".
  27. ^ "Standardized Reference Committee Text Alterations to First Printing".
  28. ^ "Gardner Book Review" in the Library Journal, April 15, 1995 Book Reviews
  29. ^ "Response to Martin Gardner's Urantia: The Great Cult Mystery". Urantiabook.org. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  30. ^ a b Partridge, Christopher (2004). New Religions: A Guide (2nd Edition). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-522042-0
  31. ^ Melton, J. Gordon. 1990. New Age Encyclopedia (First Edition).Gale Research Inc.
  32. ^ "From Urantia Foundation News Online". March 2012.
  33. ^ Landes, Richard (2000). Encyclopedia of Millennialism and Millennial Movements. Routledge. p. 747. ISBN 978-0415922463.
  34. ^ Stevie Ray Vaughan: Caught in the Crossfire ISBN 978-0-316-16069-8
  35. ^ Robin, William (May 6, 2011). "An Operatic Conundrum Untangled". The New York Times. Retrieved May 29, 2011.

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The Occult

  For other uses, see   Occult (disambiguation) . Not to be confused with  Cult . Part of  a series  on the Paranormal show Main articles sh...

  • Satya Sai Baba
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Śri Sathya Sai Baba Sathya Sai Baba standing on a float in a parade in 1946. Born Sathyan...
  • 911: Mystery Religions
    Site menu: About this site Bro. Terry's Home page Videos Technology Geometry Bible prophecy Book of Revelation The ...
  • Hildegrard von Bingen
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search St. Hildegard von Bingen, O.S.B. Illumination from ...