There are three central ideas in
Sufi Islamic psychology, which are the
Nafs (self, ego, soul or psyche), the
Qalb (heart) and the
Ruh (spirit). The origin and basis of these terms is
Qur'anic and they have been expounded upon by centuries of Sufic commentaries.
[edit] Overview
Nafs is considered to be the lowest principle of man. Higher than the nafs is the Qalb (heart), and the Ruh (spirit). This tripartition forms the foundation of later, more complicated systems; it is found as early as the Koranic commentary by
Ja'far al-Sadiq. He holds that the nafs is peculiar to the zalim (tyrant), the qalb to the muqtasid (moderate), and the rūh to the sābiq (preceding one, winner); the zālim loves God for his own sake, the muqtasid loves Him for Himself, and the sābiq annihilates his own will in God's will. Bayezid Bistami, Hakīm at-Tirmidhī, and Junayd have followed this tripartition. Kharrāz, however, inserts between nafs and qalb the element tab', "nature," the natural functions of man. The spiritual body (soul) was created in adult form of the living body.
At almost the same time in history, Nūrī saw in man four different aspects of the heart, which he derived from the Koran:
Sadr (breast) is connected with Islam (Sūra 39:23); qalb (heart) is the seat of īmān (faith) (Sūra 49:7; 16:106); fuad (heart) is connected with marifa (gnosis) (Sūra 53:11); and lubb (innermost heart) is the seat of tauhīd (Sūra 3:190).
The Sufis often add the element of sirr, the innermost part of the heart in which the divine revelation is experienced. Jafar introduced, in an interesting comparison, reason, aql, as the barrier between nafs and qalb -- "the barrier which they both cannot transcend" (Sūra 55:20), so that the dark lower instincts cannot jeopardize the heart's purity. Each of these spiritual centers has its own functions, and Amr al-Makkī has summed up some of the early Sufi ideas in a myth:
God created the hearts seven thousand years before the bodies and kept them in the station of proximity to Himself and He created the spirits seven thousand years before the hearts and kept them in the garden of intimate fellowship (uns) with Himself, and the consciences—the innermost part—He created seven thousand years before the spirits and kept them in the degree of union (waṣl) with Himself. Then he imprisoned the conscience in the spirit and the spirit in the heart and the heart in the body. Then He tested them and sent prophets, and then each began to seek its own station. The body occupied itself with prayer, the heart attained to love, the spirit arrived at proximity to its Lord, and the innermost part found rest in union with Him.
[1]
"Nafs" (self or soul) is the aspect of the
psyche that can be viewed along a continuum, and has the potential of functioning from the grossest to the highest level. The self at its lowest level refers to our negative traits and tendencies, controlled by
emotions, desires and its gratification. Sufic psychology identifies seven levels of the nafs, which have been identified in the Quran. The process of growth depends on working through these levels. These are: tyrannical self, regretful self, inspired self, serene self, pleased self, pleasing self and the pure self.
[2][3]
In Sufi psychology the heart refers to the spiritual heart or
qalb, not the physical organ. It is this spiritual heart that contains the deeper intelligence and wisdom. It holds the
Divine spark or
spirit and is the place of
gnosis and deep spiritual knowledge. In Sufism, the goal is to develop a heart that is sincere, loving and compassionate, and to develop the heart's intelligence, which is deeper, and more grounded than the rational, abstract intelligence of the mind. Just as the physical heart supplies blood to the body, the spiritual heart nourishes the soul with wisdom and spiritual light, and it also purifies the gross personality traits. According to Sufic psychology emotions are from the self or nafs, not from the heart. The qalb mediates between the Nafs and soul. Its task is control the nafs and direct the man toward the spirit.
The spirit or
ruh is in direct connection with the Divine, even if one is
unconscious of that connection. The spirit has seven levels or facets of the complete spirit. These levels are:
mineral,
vegetable,
animal, personal,
human, secret and secret of secret souls. Each level represents the stages of evolution, and the process that it goes through in its growth. The spirit is
holistic, and extends to all aspects of the person, i.e. the body, the mind and the soul. Each level of the spirit has valuable gifts and strengths, as well as weaknesses. The goal is to develop the strengths and to achieve a balance between these levels, not forgoing the lower ones to focus only on the higher ones. In traditional psychology,
Ego psychology deals with the animal soul,
Behavioral psychology focuses on the conditioned functioning of the vegetable and animal soul,
Cognitive psychology deals with the mental functions of the personal soul,
Humanistic psychology deals with the activities of the human soul and
Transpersonal psychology deals with ego-transcending consciousness of the secret soul and the secret of secret souls.
[edit] Al-Ghazali
One of the most influential Sufi psychologists was
Al-Ghazali (1058–1111). He discussed the concept of the
self and the causes of its
misery and
happiness.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
[edit] Literature
- Frager, Robert, Heart, Self & Soul: The Sufi Psychology of Growth, Balance, and Harmony
- Frager, Robert, Essential Sufism
- Rahimi, Sadeq (2007). Intimate Exteriority: Sufi Space as Sanctuary for Injured Subjectivities in Turkey., Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 46, No. 3, September 2007; pp. 409–422
- Haque, Amber (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357–377, doi:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z
[edit] External links
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